429.
Every response — including 401 and 403 — carries these headers (only a 503 service_unavailable may come without them):
When you’re over the limit
A429 response adds a Retry-After header (seconds to wait) and the standard error body:
Backing off
X-RateLimit-Remaining on every response and slowing down before you hit 0 is friendlier than waiting for a 429 — and every response gives you that number for free.
Failed authentications
After more than 30 failed authentications in a minute from the same IP address, further requests from that address with a missing or invalid key get429 instead of 401. A request with a valid key is never refused by this limit, so tools that share outgoing addresses, like Zapier, aren’t penalized by someone else’s mistakes.